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Energy
Mobility
The current EU regulation on emissions for cars is the strictest worldwide. Along with further restrictions the thresholds cannot be meet with conventional cars only anymore. One alternative technology, reducing the local emissions, are electric vehicles.
Affordable And Clean Energy
Industry, Innovation And Infrastructure
Responsible Consumption And Production
Description
The current EU regulation on emissions for cars is the strictest worldwide. Along with further restrictions the thresholds cannot be met with conventional cars only anymore. One alternative technology, that reduces local emissions, is electric vehicles (EVs). For a successful market entry of EVs, a functioning infrastructure is necessary. Customers rank inadequate access to charging stations as the third most serious barrier to EV purchase, after price and driving range (Mckinsey, 2018). Therefore, public charging systems for electric vehicles support the electrification of urban mobility systems. While price and driving range improve each year, chargers can be of different power ranges and charging technologies. In addition, they can be smartly integrated into the local grid and provide information about the system for customers, operators and other stakeholders. For the user experience, it is recommended to include a payment and authentication system, which facilitates access and enhances the transparency of the charging process. It is also an issue of access to charging stations, as charging is performed while the car is parked, and the possibility of booking parking spots (adjacent to the charging station) is legally challenging in many countries. Dedicated parking spots for EVs only do not solve the issue, as another (fully charged) EV can park for a long term on the spot for which one accounts for charging after arrival.
Problems to be solved
Growing charging demand for EVs
Carbon Emissions
Air pollution
Benefits
Benefits show tangibly how implementation of a Solution can improve the city or place.
The main goal of Public Charging System for Electric Vehicles is to offer charging facilities for electric vehicles. Whereas some benefits are likely to be fulfiled with a basic implementation of the solution, the fulfilment of the potential benefits depends on the functions implemented in a specific project.
Main benefits
Promoting sustainable private transport models
Reducing local air pollution
Potential benefits
Reducing operation costs
Enhances grid stability
Reducing GHG emissions
Promoting sustainable behavior
Improving social integration
Functions
Functions help you to understand what the products can do for you and which ones will help you achieve your goals.
Each solution has at least one mandatory function, which is needed to achieve the basic purpose of the solution, and several additional functions, which are features that can be added to provide additional benefits.
Mandatory functions
Charging vehicle
Allowing vehicles to be charges in public space
Accessing charger
Products theat give useres access to the charge points (such as RFID-Cards, Apps)
Potential functions
Managing charging system
Products optimizing the energy consumption and prices towards an efficient charging process
Moving passenger by electric vehicle
All kinds of electric vehicles, such as busses, cars and bikes
Managing energy supply
Prosucts managing the grid connection of the charge point(s)
Paying for charging
Products allowing the user to pay for the charging, e.g. by credit cars, ePayment or cash
Informing customers about charging system
Products informing the customer about the service (e.g. occupancy, prices, processes)
Products offering these functions
E-Mobility Hub Fleet Charging Simulation
While all traffic is being electrified, mobility hubs are transforming too. New e-mobility hubs must serve all kind of charging needs for different fleets, today and in the future.
A variant is generally something that is slightly different from other similar things. In the context of Solutions, variants are different options or possibly sub-fields/branches by which the Solution may be implemented, e.g. different technological options.
There are two primary types of non-residential EV chargers: AC and DC. In addition, wireless charging systems are being developed but not yet at any significant scale.
Description
In this system, an in-car converter converts AC to direct current to charge the battery. It is known as “normal” charge at around 20kW. There are two levels of AC charging, though Level 2 is the only one suitable for public charging stations. As of 2020, there were 200,000 public AC charging stations in EU member states. Charging time is generally 4-8 hours.
DC charging is the “fast” charging option, operating at powers ranging from 25kW to 350kW, and is also known as level 3 charging. The charging system converts the AC from the grid to DC before the current enters the vehicle. As of 2020, there were 25,000 public DC charging stations in EU member states. Charging time is generally 20 – 30 minutes.
These systems are relatively nascent technologies and have not yet been produced at any meaningful scale. They use electromagnetic waves to charge batteries, usually involving a charging pad connected to a wall socket and a plate attached to the vehicle. The available technology currently aligns with level 2 chargers and has 11kW of power.
What supporting factors and characteristics of a city is this Solution fit for? What factors would ease implementation?
A large number of electric vehicles.
Lower numbers of single-family homes mean a greater need for public charging.
Dense, urban cities with high amounts of on-street and commercial garage parking face increased public charging demand.
Government Initiatives
What efforts and policies are local/national public administrations undertaking to help further and support this Solution?
Countries in Europe have a variety of subsidies and incentives for building EV charging infrastructure. For example, Germany offers the following for public charging stations:
A subsidy of up to €3,000 for purchasing charging stations of up to 22 kW.
A subsidy of up to €12,000 for purchasing DC chargers up to 100 kW.
A subsidy of up to €30,000 for purchasing DC chargers above 100 kW.
Connections to the grid are subsidized by up to €5,000 for low voltage and €50,000 for medium voltage grid connections.
Which stakeholders need to be considered (and how) regarding the planning and implementation of this Solution?
Stakeholder Map for public charging infrastructure (BABLE, 2021)
Market Potential
How big is the potential market for this Solution? Are there EU goals supporting the implementation? How has the market developed over time and more recently?
Implementation
Average implementation time: 0.5 - 1 years
Initial investment amount: 50,000 - 250,000 Euro for one or two fast-charging stations
Market Overview
The market of electric vehicles is a steadily growing market. Most public charging stations are funded and promoted by governments.
Costs and Charging Time
In general, increasing costs shorten the charging time. One reason is that increasing charging power requires grid updates, which lead to significantly increased investment costs.
But besides the increasing costs, low charging times allow more people to use the charger per day. That is why all public chargers from 3.6 kW AC to 62.5 DC, compete on a comparable cost level with approximately 1370–1800 EUR/kW regarding the costs per capacity. The 250 DC chargers cost level is less than half of this. But that applies only to a (fictive) full-time operation.
A fast charging station is designed for up to 75 users per day, while an AC charger for a maximum of four users per day. Hence, almost 20 slow chargers would be needed to equal one fast charging station. As DC-fast chargers are fully stretched they are the cheapest public option. Maintenance cost may be significant for on-street charging equipment, which is one reason for the low cost of a home charger.
Cost Structure
In general, there is an industry consensus that the cost of public charging units is trending downward and will continue to decrease. However, installation costs are highly variable and there is no consensus among industry stakeholders about the direction of future installation costs (US Department of Energy, 2015).
Charging Ports usually need an investment of:
Level 2 AC ranges from 400 to 6500 USD, or
DC fast charging ranges from 10,000 to 40,000 USD
and result in variable costs for the installation of:
Level 2 AC ranges from 600 to 12700 USD, or
DC fast charging ranges from 4,000 to 51,000 USD.
The following graphic gives an overview of different cost ranges.
The creation of this solution has been supported by EU funding
Use Cases
Explore real-life examples of implementations of this Solution.
Mobility
Mobility Station in Mülheim
The Mobility stations in Mülheim provide commuters and residents of the busy district with a location, where they can easily find various alternative transport options. The aim is to encourage behavioral change from using cars towards more active modes of transport like walking and cycling.
Load-balancing fleet management demonstrates the ability of intelligent charging stations of LSW to be utilised as a flexible asset in the case of congestion in the distribution grid. Congestion can be resolved by remotely starting and stopping charging process through the virtual power plant.
ChargeBIG Charging Infrastructure with 100 Charging Points
In the company car park of MAHLE, 100 AC charging points have been installed for employee and company cars in order to contribute to the reduction of air pollution in Stuttgart. The installation serves as a demonstration and a real lab for further development of EV charging infrastructure.
Greencity is the first urban district in Switzerland to meet the conditions of the 2000-watt society and represents a largely grid-independent area, relying on 100% supply from locally generated renewable energy sources and an innovative and environmentally friendly mobility concept.
In order to further encourage and facilitate the use of electric vehicles, both private and shared, a policy note was made on electric charging for citizens and employees as an answer to the increasing demand of electirc mobility and charging infrastructure.
Charging Master Plan for Electric Vehicles in Stockholm
The City of Stockholm aims to develop a charging Master Plan to oversee and complement the infrastructural development for EVs charging, in order to ensure that it effectively meets the needs of all drivers, including business usage.
In Barcelona, an innovative form of Vehicle-to-X (V2X) charging for Electric Vehicles has been implemented. This can increase the renewable energy penetration, energy storage, grid flexibility and facilitate energy management optimization.
Normal charging infrastructure for electric vehicles
Electric Vehicles increase in share of car sales and charging infrastructure is important to facilitate the transition to an improved vehicle fleet in cities. In Stockholm five to ten normal charging stations
have installed to satisfy citizen needs.
Fast charging infrastructure for electric vehicles
In Stockholm, a fast charging station within the GrowSmarter project is established by Fortum at the parking facility by McDonald’s restaurant. Fast charging stations could provide electric vehicles with fully charged batteries in less than 30 minutes.
In order to promote use of Electric Vehicles and better manage the charging infrastructure,a smart charging system was developed. 6 Type-2 AC chargers installed in Strijp-S with two charging point. Peak load management system/charging management system is included in the project.
The solution aims to promote the replacement of fossil fueled vehicles by facilitating use of EVs. The charging infrastructure enables the tenants to charge their EVs. It is implemented in collaboration with various shared E-mobility providers rendering the use of a private car unnecessary.
Collaborating with Dundee City Council, Creative Dundee drives open data aligned with the 8th City Data Cluster. The work spans models, toolkits, and methodologies, openly sharing cultural insights to aid decisions and offer a versatile analysis toolkit.
The Electric Bus System is a public transportation system that is operated by electric buses only. Electric buses offer environmental advantages by producing zero local emissions. Additionally, their extended lifespan and reduced operational expenses make them financially advantageous.
Vehicle sharing systems allow customers to use various vehicles without the need to own each vehicle. There are different types of vehicle sharing systems on the market. Differences can include the type of vehicle shared, like car sharing, bike sharing, scooter sharing or electric vehicle sharing.
A bike sharing system intends to provide a community with a shared fleet of bikes. Therefore, individual users do not have to own a bike, but rather everyone can use the fleet flexibly.
Urban resilience is the ability of an urban system and all its constituents across temporal and spatial scales to maintain or rapidly return to desired functions in the face of a disturbance.
A Smart Parking System makes use of sensors or other technologies to determine the availability of parking lots in cities. This information can be shared with drivers, reducing the time spent looking for parking, and thus reducing traffic congestion.