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BABLE Solutions are expert-curated blueprints for efficiently implementable Smart City projects. Each Smart City Solution contains detailed and relevant information, while also linking to relevant Use Cases and Innovative Products.
Solution
In Europe today, 25% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are linked to transport, with buses contributing 8% to the overall emissions. Consequently, implementing transportation systems such as Electric Bus Systems offers a solution to decrease emissions while improving the quality of transportation and life ( UITP, 2019 ). Electric Bus System is a public transportation system that is operated by electric buses only. As every public transportation system, it can include ticketing, customer information, and a monitoring system. Additionally, it's essential to have facilities for charging the electric buses. Due to the charging process, a management system for operations, planning of range, and route optimisation becomes even more important compared to conventional bus systems (see also SCIS ). Problems to be solved Bad air quality High Costs Noise Lack of Comfort In comparison to conventional engines, Electric Bus Systems are free of emissions locally. Moreover, less noise is produced when driving. While the initial costs for purchasing electric buses may be higher, the overall costs of Electric Bus Systems can be lower than the one of other systems depending on the usage.
Solution
The current EU regulation on emissions for cars is the strictest worldwide. Along with further restrictions the thresholds cannot be met with conventional cars only anymore. One alternative technology, that reduces local emissions, is electric vehicles (EVs). For a successful market entry of EVs, a functioning infrastructure is necessary. Customers rank inadequate access to charging stations as the third most serious barrier to EV purchase, after price and driving range ( Mckinsey, 2018 ). Therefore, public charging systems for electric vehicles support the electrification of urban mobility systems. While price and driving range improve each year, chargers can be of different power ranges and charging technologies. In addition, they can be smartly integrated into the local grid and provide information about the system for customers, operators and other stakeholders. For the user experience, it is recommended to include a payment and authentication system, which facilitates access and enhances the transparency of the charging process. It is also an issue of access to charging stations, as charging is performed while the car is parked, and the possibility of booking parking spots (adjacent to the charging station) is legally challenging in many countries. Dedicated parking spots for EVs only do not solve the issue, as another (fully charged) EV can park for a long term on the spot for which one accounts for charging after arrival. Problems to be solved Growing charging demand for EVs Carbon Emissions Air pollution
Solution
Most cars are idly parked 90-95% of the time. With an accelerated shift to using electric vehicles (EVs), the batteries of EVs offer enormous potential in terms of using their vast collective storage capacity as a flexible solution to support the grid, which can be taxed with an intermittent renewable energy supply. Bi-directional electric vehicle charging (V2X) refers to EV chargers that allow not only for charging the battery of the EV but also for taking energy from the car battery and pushing it back to the grid when needed. There are two primary receivers of power from an EV: the grid (V2G) and the electricity from a home or building (V2H). Bi-directional charging creates greater synergy between the clean transport sector and renewable energy sources, as the car batteries can store excess energy created by variable renewable sources, such as wind and solar, and then provide power to the grid or home when demand is high or energy production is low. This reduces curtailment, lowers the need for grid infrastructure investments and allows for higher renewable energy integration. In addition, V2H charging can act as an emergency power source during power outages, and V2G can provide vehicle owners with extra income through arbitrage of time-variable energy prices. Problems to be solved Grid congestion Growing energy consumption Fluctuating generation of renewables Uneven peaks in energy usage